Review Date: September 2026
Overview
Fluoxapiprolin is a broad-spectrum fungicide registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2026.
The MDA routinely conducts reviews of new pesticide active ingredients (a.i.) before registration in Minnesota. The MDA completed its review of fluoxapiprolin in September 2026 and did not identify any risks of concern specific to Minnesota. To evaluate the potential impacts of fluoxapiprolin on groundwater and surface water, the MDA may add this a.i. to its water quality monitoring program.
The following is a summary of the MDA’s review of the EPA’s fluoxapiprolin risk assessments and product labels (EPA Docket EPA-HQ-OPP-2022-0980). The EPA uses high-end, conservative exposure estimates to evaluate risk based on various use scenarios. As a result, exposure estimates may not reflect future use and impacts in Minnesota.
Active Ingredient Details
- Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Number: 1360819-11-9
- EPA Pesticide Chemical Code: 110304
- Chemical class: Piperidinyl-thiazole-isoxazolines
- Mode of Action (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee): Group 49 – Oxysterol Binding Protein Inhibitors
- Basic Manufacturer: Bayer CropScience LLC
Use Profile
Use Sites
Fluoxapiprolin is registered for agricultural use on food and feed commodities of brassica head and stem vegetables (Group 5-16), bulb vegetables (Subgroups 3-07A, 3-07B), cucurbit vegetables (Group 9), fruiting vegetables (Group 8-10), leafy vegetables (Group 4-16), leaf petiole vegetables (Subgroup 22B), lettuce head, small fruit vine climbing (except fuzzy kiwifruit; Group 13-07F), and tuberous and corm vegetables (including potatoes; Subgroup 1C).
Target Pests
Fungal diseases targeted by fluoxapiprolin include downy mildew (Peronospora spp., Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Plasmopara viticola, Bremia lactucae), white rust (Albugo candida), phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici), late blight (Phytophthora infestans), and other oomycete fungal diseases.
Application Rates and Methods
Post-emergent foliar applications of fluoxapiprolin can be made to ag sites using ground, airblast, aerial, chemigation, or handheld equipment. Maximum single and annual application rates are consistent across all labeled use sites, except for small fruit vine climbing crops such as grapes, which are limited to a maximum of two applications per year instead of three.
Table 1: Fluoxapiprolin maximum application rates for select use sites
| Use Site | Max Single Rate (lb a.i./acre) | Max Annual Rate (lb a.i./acre/year) |
|---|---|---|
| All crops except small fruit vine climbing | 0.018 | 0.054 |
| Small fruit vine climbing (e.g., grape), except fuzzy kiwifruit | 0.018 | 0.036 |
Products
The EPA has registered one technical product and one end-use product containing fluoxapiprolin. Product trade names include Xivana® and Xivana Prime. Go to the Kelly Solutions registered pesticide product database to view a list of fluoxapiprolin products registered for use in Minnesota.
Projected Use in Minnesota
Fluoxapiprolin is expected to be useful for controlling oomycete fungal pathogens in a variety of fruit and vegetable crops. Its efficacy against labeled pathogens is comparable to existing fungicides and it will be useful as a rotational partner in fungicide programs to reduce the risk of resistance development in fungal pathogens.
Human Health
Toxicity Profile
- Signal Word: Caution
- Toxicity Category (based on acute exposure): Category III (low toxicity) via oral and dermal exposure routes; Category IV (low toxicity) for inhalation, eye irritation, and skin irritation
- Population-Adjusted Dose (PAD) for Dietary Exposure: Acute PAD = 0.005 mg/kg/day; Chronic PAD = 0.005 mg/kg/day; Acute and chronic PAD values are based on toxicity of the BCS-BP32808 degradate, which is more toxic than fluoxapiprolin. No toxicological endpoints have been established for fluoxapiprolin.
- Cancer Classification: "Not likely to be carcinogenic to humans"
Drinking Water
The EPA identified the degradate BCS-BP32808 as the only residue of concern for drinking water. The estimated drinking water concentrations (EDWCs) for BCS-BP32808 in surface water were 0.99 µg/L and 0.19 µg/L for acute and chronic exposures, respectively. The EDWCs for BPS-BP32808 in groundwater were 1.24 µg/L and 1.04 µg/L for acute and chronic exposures, respectively. Acute and chronic dietary risk estimates, which include estimated drinking water exposures, were below the EPA’s levels of concern.
Occupational and Residential Exposure
No toxicological endpoints or points of departure were established for fluoxapiprolin and occupational handler and post-application exposure are not expected for the soil degradate BCS-BP32808. Therefore, a qualitative occupational risk assessment was conducted to support the proposed uses of fluoxapiprolin. No risks of concern were identified given no adverse effects were observed in submitted toxicological studies for fluoxapiprolin regardless of the route of exposure. Residential exposures to fluoxapiprolin are not expected based on use sites.
Environmental Fate
The movement and breakdown of fluoxapiprolin in the environment can vary depending on numerous factors, including application site and methods, soil type, and weather. It is classified as hardly mobile in soil with low water solubility and is non-volatile. It is non-persistent to moderately persistent in soil and water. It may be transported to surface water via spray drift, runoff, and erosion but has limited potential to leach to groundwater.
Table 2. Fluoxapiprolin properties
| Pesticide Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Solubility in Water (20°C) | 0.08 mg/L Low solubility |
| Vapor Pressure (20°C) | 2.25 x 10-7Torr Non-volatile under field conditions |
| Henry's Law Constant (20°C) | 9.83 x 10-5 |
| Binding Affinity/Sorption | KOC=9,565 - 19,400 L/kgOC Hardly mobile |
| Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient | Log KOW = 3.4 |
Table 3: Fluoxapiprolin dissipation rates
| Degradation Study Type | Dissipation Rate [DT50] |
|---|---|
| Abiotic Hydrolysis | pH 4: stable (>1,000 days); pH 7: stable (>1,000 days); pH 9: 28.7 days |
| Aqueous Photolysis | 84.3 to 90.0 days |
| Soil Photolysis | 119 to 146 days |
| Aerobic Soil Metabolism | 9.5 to 92.9 days |
| Anaerobic Soil Metabolism | 262 to 312 days |
| Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism | 14 to 56.2 days |
| Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism | 85.5 to 108 days |
| Terrestrial/Field Dissipation | 19.1 to 69.6 days |
Degradates
Fluoxapiprolin has nine major degradates. Degradates with available sorption data were more mobile than the parent fluoxapiprolin. BCS-CC26101 and BCS-BP32808 are classified as highly mobile in soil with average Koc values of 2.08 and 9.38 mL/goc, respectively. BCS-BP32808 is non-persistent to slightly persistent in soil (aerobic soil metabolism half-life = 3.8 to 28.7 days) with high water solubility (42,300-44,700 mg/L).
Ecotoxicology
Risk Assessment and Residues of Concern
The EPA uses the Risk Quotient (RQ) Method to evaluate potential ecological risks from pesticides. The RQ is calculated by dividing the estimated environmental exposure concentration of a chemical by its toxicity endpoint. RQ values are then compared to established Levels of Concern (LOCs). RQ values above the LOC indicate a potential risk and need for further assessment or mitigation measures.
To conduct a conservative ecological risk assessment, the EPA considered the parent fluoxapiprolin as the only residue of concern. Concentrations of the parent in aquatic environments are unlikely to reach levels that cause effects. Most terrestrial taxonomic groups had no observed effects from the parent but fluoxapiprolin was kept as a residue of concern because it is the major pathway of exposure in the terrestrial environment.
Aquatic Ecotoxicology and Risk
Table 4. Fluoxapiprolin aquatic toxicity. LC50 = Lethal Concentration 50%; NOAEC=No Observable Adverse Effect Concentration; EC50 = Effect Concentration 50%; IC50 = Inhibition Concentration 50%.
| Taxa | Toxicity Value | Acute Risk Category |
|---|---|---|
| Freshwater Fish (Surrogates for Aquatic-Phase Amphibians) | Acute: LC50 > 930 μg a.i./L Chronic: NOAEC = 910 μg a.i./L | Practically non-toxic |
| Freshwater Invertebrates (Water-Column Exposure) | Acute: EC50 > 900 μg a.i./L Chronic: NOAEC= 102 μg a.i./L | Practically non-toxic |
| Aquatic Non-Vascular Plants | IC50 = 3160 μg a.i./L | - |
| Aquatic Vascular Plants | IC50 = 952 μg a.i./L | - |
Many aquatic studies submitted exceeded the level of solubility for fluoxapiprolin and required the use of a solvent to achieve higher concentrations. There were no effects up to the level of solubility for fluoxapiprolin for freshwater fish. All risk estimates for both acute and chronic exposure were below corresponding levels of concern for all aquatic taxa in the EPA’s ecological risk assessment.
Terrestrial Ecotoxicology and Risk
Table 5. Fluoxapiprolin terrestrial toxicity. LD50 = Lethal Dose 50%; NOAEL=No Observable Adverse Effect Level; NOAEC=No Observable Adverse Effect Concentration; TEP = Typical end-use product.
| Taxa | Toxicity Value | Acute Risk Category |
|---|---|---|
| Mammals | Acute: LD50 > 2,000 mg a.i./kg bw Chronic: NOAEC = 3,800 mg a.i./kg diet | Practically non-toxic |
| Birds | Acute: LD50 > 2,000 mg a.i./kg bw Chronic: NOAEC = 1,092.9 mg a.i./kg diet | Practically non-toxic |
| Terrestrial Invertebrates - Bees | Acute: Oral (adult) LD50 = 42.3 µg a.i./bee (TEP) Contact (adult) LD50 = > 100 µg a.i./bee (TEP) Chronic: Oral (adult) NOAEL = 39 µg a.i./bee Oral (larval) NOAEL = 4.8 µg a.i./larva/day (TEP) | Practically non-toxic |
| Terrestrial Plants | Seedling emergence: NOAEC = 0.13 lb a.i./acre Vegetative vigor: NOAEC = 0.13 lb a.i./acre | - |
EPA risk quotients for both acute and chronic exposure were below corresponding levels of concern for all terrestrial taxa. Therefore, there is a low likelihood of adverse effects from the application of fluoxapiprolin in accordance with proposed labels for all taxa assessed.
Listed Species
Because exposures for all taxa are orders of magnitude below where effects were observed in toxicity studies with the parent and degradates, EPA made “no effects” determinations for fluoxapiprolin for all proposed and listed species and “no adverse modifications” determinations for designated and proposed critical habitats. Therefore, no further species-by-species analyses were needed. Because there are no concerns for direct toxicity to any taxon, no effects are expected for prey, pollination, habitat or dispersal.
Product Labels
The following hazard warnings or use restrictions appear on at least one end-use product but may not appear on all products. Always read and follow the label for the specific product you are applying. For additional information on product labeling criteria, see the EPA’s Label Review Manual.
Environmental Hazards
Surface Water Advisory
This product may impact surface water quality due to runoff of rain water. This is especially true for poorly draining soils and soils with shallow ground water. This product is classified as having a medium potential for reaching both surface water and aquatic sediment via runoff for several weeks after application. A level, well-maintained vegetative buffer strip between areas to which this product is applied and surface water features such as ponds, streams, and springs will reduce the potential loading of fluoxapiprolin from runoff water and sediment. Runoff of this product will be reduced by avoiding applications when rainfall or irrigation is expected to occur within 48 hours.
Groundwater Advisory
This chemical has properties and characteristics associated with chemicals detected in groundwater. This chemical may leach into groundwater if used in areas where soils are permeable, particularly where the water table is shallow.
Mandatory Spray Drift Management
Applicators must comply with spray drift requirements on the label for aerial and ground boom and boom-less applications. Users must follow requirements for wind speed, droplet size and pressure, wind speed and direction documentation, temperature inversion guidance, and boom height and location.
Date Posted: September 28, 2026
